Received: OctoAccepted: FebruPublished: March 14, 2023Ĭopyright: © 2023 Superbia-Guimarães et al. This study shows first evidence that individuals with ADHD can use attention to maintain verbal information in WM and calls for more research to understand their WM development.Ĭitation: Superbia-Guimarães L, Bader M, Camos V (2023) Can children and adolescents with ADHD use attention to maintain verbal information in working memory? PLoS ONE 18(3):Įditor: David Giofrè, Liverpool John Moores University, UNITED KINGDOM Moreover, ADHD participants had a similar recall performance to their age-matched typically developing peers. We observed that recall in ADHD participants was higher in the distracting conditions that give attention more opportunity to refresh letters. The pace of the distracting tasks was varied to manipulate the level of attentional distraction. In Experiment 2, it consisted in making spatial judgements. In Experiment 1, the distracting task consisted of reading digits aloud. In this study, we designed two experiments requiring children and adolescents with ADHD symptoms to maintain sequences of letters for subsequent recall, while performing a distracting task. Its use is evidenced by a decrease in recall performance proportional to the distraction of attention away from the memoranda. Attentional refreshing is a maintenance strategy based on the sequential switch of attention between maintaining and processing information in WM. In this study, we used two variations of a complex-span task to test whether a specific WM mechanism, attentional refreshing, causes these deficits. Remove and delete any unnecessary objects from the “Unreferenced E-Objects” area.Children and adolescents with attentional-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) present deficits in working memory (WM), but accounts for this phenomenon are still lacking.One less resource required, so makes sense to remove. Remove Sound device from the experiment (by clicking the very top of the workflow, click Devices tab and remove the Sound device) – Apparently this can sometimes cause 30ms delays.Set GeneratePreRun on the slide object to “Before Object Run”.Reduce size of display (resolution settings – less pixels to refresh).Avoid using stretch and scale in a paint package to the size required beforehand.Here are some suggestions which could help tighten up timings: EPrime’s timing is notorious for being slightly off at times by 20-30 milliseconds.Be sure you carefully use the correct data type when defining variables. EPrime’s Ebasic language is very strict on data types.If you wish items to run sequentially, you must ensure that the procedure properties for script generation are set to “BeforeObjectRun” and that your stimuli objects have a property “PreRelease” of 0. Ordering of code blocks between Stimuli objects can cause confusion sometimes.You must either use a different variable or look into “Casting” functions to translate from one data type to another. If you use a variable to contain a particular data type, trying to assign it to another variable of a different type will cause errors.The Python language is very strict on this and is a common cause of errors. Beware of indentations in any code blocks.When you have 5 minutes spare, take a look at the other settings available in ‘Experiment settings’ as you may find some of the others useful.Remember to save your experiment once you’ve made the change so that it remembers it for next time.Just deselect it when you run in the labs.The ‘Basic’ tab on its dialog includes an option ‘Enable Escape key’ which is selected by default.‘Experiment settings’ is only available in Builder and only by clicking the blue, rectangular icon at the top with a double headed white arrow.You’ll need to be in Builder mode (VIEW / ‘Goto Builder view’).The good news is that it’s easy to disable this setting This is great for when you’re developing but you probably don’t want this when you’re running live participants in case they press it by mistake. If you’re working in Builder mode (the GUI interface as opposed to the ‘code only’ mode) then the default setting is that if you press ESC whilst you’re running, it will abort your experiment.PsychoPy recommend that videos are either MP4 or MOV and are encoded with H.264 compression and audio set to Linear PCM. Video files can be problematic due to the different encoding types.Over time we will try and add any useful tips or gotcha’s regarding EPrime and PsychoPy which will hopefully help you with your own experiments. You can find pre-made experiments to use here (Kent users only). Experiments Ready made experiments and scripts
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